What are anterograde and retrograde signals?
The molecular components of anterograde (nuclear to mitochondrial) and retrograde (mitochondrial to nuclear) signaling pathways that regulate the expression of NGEMPs interact with chloroplast-, growth-, and stress-signaling pathways in the cell at a variety of levels, with common components involved in transmission …
What is anterograde signaling?
As proposed in prior reviews, the term “anterograde signaling” refers to the process whereby nucleus-derived regulators that transmit information express proteins to coordinate the expression of genes in the nucleus and plastids at multiple levels (Pesaresi et al., 2007; Kleine et al., 2009; Jung and Chory, 2010; Berry …
What is retrograde signaling in biology?
The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological states to the nucleus and modulate the expression of nuclear genes accordingly.
What is anterograde regulation?
Anterograde regulation coordinates expression levels of nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins and plastid gene expression machineries. Retrograde signaling (solid lines) regulates nuclear gene expression depending on the developmental and functional state of plastids.
What are retrograde messengers?
Retrograde messenger is a chemical substance that is released from postsynaptic neurons and acts on presynaptic neurons. The retrograde signaling can be mediated by either a diffusible factor that is called “retrograde messenger,” or a direct interaction of presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane-bound elements.
What is retrograde neurotransmitter?
Filters. A neurotransmitter that is released from a postsynaptic neuron to the axon of a presynaptic neuron.
What is a retrograde transmitter?
In neuroscience, retrograde signaling (retrograde neurotransmission) is the process by which a retrograde messenger, such as anandamide or nitric oxide, is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels backwards across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.
What is retrograde signaling in synapse?
In neuroscience, retrograde signaling (or retrograde neurotransmission) refers more specifically to the process by which a retrograde messenger, such as anandamide or nitric oxide, is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels “backwards” across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a …
Why are endocannabinoids considered retrograde messengers?
Retrograde signaling increases action potential from the presynaptic neuron, which then increases the number of receptors at the postsynaptic neuron. The presence of this endocannabinoid suppresses this deletion of information, allowing the neurons to create plasticity due to increased action potential.
What does retrograde messenger mean?
What is retrograde synaptic transmission?
In retrograde signaling a diffusible messenger is liberated from the postsynaptic element, and travels “backwards” across the synaptic cleft, where it activates receptors on the presynaptic cell.