What happens when beta catenin is phosphorylated?

What happens when beta catenin is phosphorylated?

β-Catenin is phosphorylated on its N-terminus by GSK3 (shown in orange) and CKI (shown in orange). These phosphorylations target β-catenin for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. β-Catenin is also phosphorylated on the indicated sites by the diverse kinases PKA, AKT, and JNK2.

Why is beta catenin important?

In the canonical Wnt cascade, β-catenin is the key effector responsible for transduction of the signal to the nucleus and it triggers transcription of Wnt-specific genes responsible for the control of cell fate decisions in many cells and tissues.

What is beta catenin positive?

In summary, high-level nuclear β-catenin staining may be useful as a diagnostic marker for desmoid-type fibromatosis, as only a very limited subset (solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma) of other mesenchymal neoplasms are positive for this marker.

How is beta catenin degraded?

Ubiquitinated β-catenin is degraded by the proteasome. The molecular mechanisms that underlie several aspects of destruction complex function are poorly understood, particularly the role of APC.

What genes does beta-catenin regulate?

β-catenin target genes have been implicated in regulating different cellular processes including proliferation (e.g., MYC, CCND1, PPARD), stem cell fate (ASCL2), survival (ABCB1, BIRC5), differentiation (ID2, ITF2, ENC1), migration (MMP7, MMP14), and angiogenesis (VEGF) [4–18].

What kind of protein is beta-catenin?

Beta-catenin (β-catenin) is a multifunctional, 90 kD protein that contributes to cell development under normal physiological conditions [55]. β-Catenin is a crucial transcriptional factor in Wingless–Int (Wnt) signaling, and plays important role in stem cell renewal and organ regeneration [56].

What is beta catenin destruction complex?

At the heart of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway is the β-catenin destruction complex, which functions in the absence of Wnt signaling to keep the cytosolic and nuclear levels of β-catenin very low by promoting the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of β-catenin.