What does CD39 do?
CD39, the NTPDase (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase), regulates immune responses balance by hydrolyzing ATP and ADP. It is now again becoming a newly recognized “immune checkpoint mediator” that interferes with antitumor or anti-inflammatory immune response (5, 6).
Where is CD39 located?
CD39 is constitutively expressed in spleen, thymus, lung, and placenta [21–24], and in these organs it is associated primarily with endothelial cells and immune cell populations, such as B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, monocytes, macrophages, mesangial cells, neutrophils, and …
What does NKG2A stand for?
The CD94/NK group 2 member A (NKG2A) heterodimeric receptor is one of the most prominent NK inhibitory receptors (10). It binds to a nonclassical minimally polymorphic HLA class I molecule (HLA-E), which presents peptides derived from leader peptide sequences of other HLA class I molecules, such as HLA-G (11–15).
What does NKG2D do?
Function. NKG2D is a major recognition receptor for the detection and elimination of transformed and infected cells as its ligands are induced during cellular stress, either as a result of infection or genomic stress such as in cancer.
How does CD39 prevent platelet aggregation?
CD39 rapidly and preferentially metabolizes ADP released from activated platelets. ADP is the final common pathway for platelet recruitment and thrombus formation, and platelet aggregation and recruitment are abolished by CD39.
Is CD39 an enzyme?
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (gene: ENTPD1; protein: NTPDase1) also known as CD39 (Cluster of Differentiation 39), is a typical cell surface enzyme with a catalytic site on the extracellular face.
What is CD39 and CD73?
The prototype member of the NTPDase family is CD39, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cascade that catalyzes ATP and ADP into AMP, which is subsequently converted into adenosine by ecto-5′-nucleotidase, also known as CD73 (33). CD73-derived extracellular adenosine has a very short half-life (few seconds).
What are natural killer cells?
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that show strong cytolytic function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells show a broad array of tissue distribution and phenotypic variability.
Do NK cells express NKG2D?
NKG2D, encoded by Klrk1, is an activating cell surface receptor that is predominantly expressed on cytotoxic immune cells. NKG2D is abundantly present on all NK cells, NKT cells, and subsets of γδ T cells.
What is CD69 a marker for?
The expression of CD69 in infiltrating lymphocytes in inflamed tissues is a marker of different signaling pathways, which potentially regulate tissue retention, metabolism and their activated phenotype.
What cells are cdcd39 associated with?
CD39 is constitutively expressed in spleen, thymus, lung, and placenta [21–24], and in these organs it is associated primarily with endothelial cells and immune cell populations, such as B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, monocytes, macrophages, mesangial cells, neutrophils, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) [25].
What is the role of CD39 in the CD73 pathway?
CD39 converts ATP (or ADP) to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is converted into adenosine by CD73. A substantial portion of the immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is due to the adenosine produced by the CD39/CD73 pathway, insofar as Tregs express CD39 and CD73.
What is CD39 (adenosine triphosphate)?
Pioneer studies described CD39 as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) diphosphohydrolase in vascular/endothelial cells, defining its crucial role in thromboregulation [4,5].
What is the cd39/cd73 axis in neoplastic development and progression?
The CD39/CD73 axis in neoplastic development and progression. Within the tumor environment, ATP is released and is converted into adenosine by upregulated CD39 and CD73. Adenosine promotes cancer growth by acting directly on neoplastic cells through A