What does Article 101 Prohibit?
Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (formerly Article 81 of the Treaty establishing the European Community) prohibits trade practices between EU countries which could prevent, restrict or distort competition.
Does Article 101 TFEU apply to unilateral conduct?
Unilateral conduct: Article 101(1) TFEU requires the involvement of two or more ‘undertakings’ and therefore does not apply to purely unilateral conduct.
What is a cartel EU law?
A cartel is a group of independent companies which join together to fix prices, to limit production or to share markets or customers between them. Cartelists can also collude on product quality or innovation. Article 101 TFEU prohibits anti-competitive agreements between two or more independent market operators.
Does Article 101 TFEU have direct effect?
Articles 101 and 102 TFEU produce direct effects in relations between individuals and create, for the individuals concerned, rights and obligations which national courts must enforce.
What is Article 103 in Indian Constitution?
Article 103(1) says that if any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of Article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and his decision shall be final.
Why are concerted practices prohibited?
Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits concerted practices insofar as their object or effect is to prevent, restrict or distort competition in the internal market.
What are Mexican cartels?
Cartels:
- Sinaloa Cartel.
- Jalisco New. Generation Cartel.
- Gulf Cartel. Los Metros.
- Knights Templar Cartel. (2011–2017)
- Los Viagras.
- La Familia Michoacana.
- Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel.
- Los Zetas.