What is shuttle system?
The mitochondrial shuttles are systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport chain.
What is malate-aspartate shuttle system?
The malate-aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
What does citrate malate shuttle system mean?
The malate-aspartate shuttle system, also called the malate shuttle, is an essential system used by mitochondria, that allows electrons to move across the impermeable membrane between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. The electrons are created during glycolysis, and are needed for oxidative phosphorylation.
In which organ does glycerol phosphate shuttle system work?
mitochondria
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle allows the NADH synthesized in the cytosol by glycolysis to contribute to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in the mitochondria to generate ATP. It has been found in animals, fungi, and plants.
Which of the following is carried by the shuttle system?
Special shuttle systems carry the reducing equivalents and cytosolic NAH into the mitochondria by an indirect route. Two such shuttle systems are: Malate-aspartate shuttle system.
Is malate shuttle reversible?
This shuttle is reversible, so electrons from NADH are brought into the mitochondrion when the NADH/NAD+ ratio is higher in the cytosol than in the mitochondrial matrix. The malate-aspartate shuttle yields approximately 3 molecules of ATP per molecule of cytosolic NADH and is found in liver, heart and kidney [Voet04].
What does the citrate shuttle do?
Citrate–pyruvate shuttle is used to transport pyruvate from the IM space to the mitochondrial matrix feeding Krebs cycle.