What is non proliferative retinopathy?

What is non proliferative retinopathy?

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is the early stage of the disease in which symptoms will be mild or nonexistent. In NPDR, the blood vessels in the retina are weakened. Tiny bulges in the blood vessels, called microaneurysms, may leak fluid into the retina. This leakage may lead to swelling of the macula.

What are the two types of diabetic retinopathy?

There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:

• Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form — called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) — new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating).
• Advanced diabetic retinopathy.

What is ischemic diabetic retinopathy?

Ischemic maculopathy resulted in severe loss of visual acuity in some eyes. The severe degree of retinal ischemia was accompanied by optic disc pallor and neovascularization and a high incidence of rubeosis iridis with neovascular glaucoma.

What is the difference between non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy falls into two main classes: nonproliferative and proliferative. The word “proliferative” refers to whether or not there is neovascularization (abnormal blood vessel growth) in the retinaEarly disease without neovascularization is called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

What is NPDR and PDR explain the difference?

Diabetic Retinopathy, Non-Proliferative (NPDR) and Proliferative (PDR) Definition: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is the most common form of diabetic retinopathy.

How is NPDR diagnosed?

Patients with severe NPDR should be monitored using both macular OCT and fluorescein angiography to detect any DME or early neovascularization. Referral to a retina specialist is recommended, and patients should be monitored every 3 to 4 months with dilated fundus examination.

What causes diabetic retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye. In some people with diabetic retinopathy, the blood vessels in the retina may swell and leak fluid. In others, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina.

What ischemia means?

Ischemia is the medical term for what happens when your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen. Ischemia usually happens because of a shortage of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. It is usually caused by a narrowing or blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle).

What is ischemia of the eye?

Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is when blood does not flow properly to your eye’s optic nerve, eventually causing lasting damage to this nerve. With ION, you suddenly lose your vision in one or both of your eyes.

What is the first stage of diabetic retinopathy?

The first stage is also called background retinopathy. It means that there are tiny bulges in the tiny blood vessels in your retinas. The bulges are called microaneurysms. They may cause the vessels to leak small amounts of blood into your retinas.

How do you fix diabetic retinopathy?

If you have proliferative diabetic retinopathy or macular edema, you’ll need prompt treatment….Depending on the specific problems with your retina, options might include:

1. Injecting medications into the eye.
2. Photocoagulation.
3. Panretinal photocoagulation.
4. Vitrectomy.

What is the pathophysiology of hypertensive retinopathy?

Hypertensive retinopathy includes two disease processes. The acute effects of systemic arterial hypertension are a result of vasospasm to autoregulate perfusion. The chronic effects of hypertension are caused by arteriosclerosis and predispose patients to visual loss from complications of vascular occlusions or macroaneurysms.

What is the treatment for mild hypertensive retinopathy?

Mild hypertensive retinopathy:The treatment consists of controlling of BP with regular monitoring. Moderate hypertensive retinopathy:Referral to a physician is essential to exclude other associated factors like diabetes mellitus and to check for any cardiovascular abnormalities.

What is the purpose of screening for hypertensive retinopathy?

The main purpose of screening for hypertensive retinopathy is that retinal vessels are the only blood vessels visible on routine examination. The effects of chronically elevated HTN are easily visible in the eye as hypertensive retinopathy and choroidopathy, and this reflects the vascular changes occurring in other systems.

What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension in the retina?

The signs of chronic arterial hypertension in the retina include widening of the arteriole reflex, arteriovenous crossing signs, and copper (Figure 1 & 3) or silver wire arterioles (copper or silver colored arteriole light reflex). Malignant hypertension can also cause choroidopathy.